Meds PT-141

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The PT-141 reference list

Every figure on this site traces to one of these sources — the peer-reviewed studies, the FDA label, and the recent abstracts and pipeline notes, each linked.

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The sources below are numbered to match the inline citation markers across the site. Peer-reviewed studies and the FDA structured product label carry the most weight; conference abstracts and the corporate pipeline press release are lower-tier and are labeled as such where they appear. PMID, DOI, and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT) identifiers are provided so every claim can be checked at source. Nothing in the separately-labeled field-reports sections is cited here — those are unverified community reports by design and are kept out of the reference record.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. ↗
  7. Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(6):1084-1093. ↗
  8. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): NCBI Bookshelf; 2021. ↗
  9. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. ↗
  10. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  11. Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract; lower evidence tier). ↗
  12. Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025 (conference abstract; lower evidence tier). ↗
  13. Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024 (conference abstract; lower evidence tier). ↗
  14. Palatin Technologies, Inc. Palatin Announces the Initiation of a Phase 2 Clinical Study of Bremelanotide Co-Administered with a PDE5i for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Corporate press release. 2024 (pipeline/development status only). ↗